In this post, we’re going to discuss the various types of GxP Compliance Audits, internal versus independent third-party audits. the role that independent auditors play in conducting compliance assessments, and why independent audits are so important so that you can understand the significance of GxP compliance audits and make informed decisions regarding them.
One of the responsibilities of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and other national health authorities is to protect public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human drugs. To meet that responsibility, these regulators conduct routine and for-cause inspections of components of a drug sponsor’s quality systems.
While sponsors should always do what they can to maintain effective quality systems, including having provisions for internal audits, compliance audits conducted by an independent third party are invaluable. That’s because audits conducted by a third party provide sponsors with an unbiased perspective on the state of their quality systems and the level of compliance with applicable regulations and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).
The Importance of Effective Quality Systems
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), Good Clinical Practice (GCP), Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), and Good Pharmacovigilance Practice (GVP) under the umbrella of GxP are sets of standards that envelop procedures put in place to ensure that products are tested and manufactured properly. However, simply having the appropriate SOPs in place is not good enough. These procedures must be followed to the letter, or the sponsor may have to deal with the consequences of one or more of its quality systems being non-compliant.
The essence of FDA, EMA, or other national health authority regulations regarding quality is the need to have a quality assurance unit of some type. Obviously, different types and sizes of firms will have differing quality functions. The key is to make sure that internal processes are controlled. That’s what an audit does – it verifies that control exists. Frequently, adherence to SOPs is the key to this. If those are regularly violated, it is likely noncompliant outcomes will result.
Types of GxP Compliance Audits
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) Audits
GLP encompasses regulations and guidelines for conducting nonclinical laboratory studies that are intended to support applications for clinical trial or marketing authorization by national regulators, such as the FDA and EMA. Compliance with this regulation is intended to assure the quality and integrity of safety data.
Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Audits
GCP is an international and scientific quality standard for the design, conduct, performance, monitoring, auditing, recording, analysis, and reporting of clinical trials. The standard is named ICH-E6 and the aim is to provide a unified standard for clinical trials in the US, EU, and Japan. Collectively, ICH-E6, together with national regulations, serves to protect the integrity of the trials as well as the rights and confidentiality of trial subjects.
Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Audits
Because the pharmaceutical quality of drugs impacts the health of consumers, the FDA, EMA, and other national health authorities regulate quality very carefully. One of the regulatory standards for ensuring that quality is GMP.
Drug manufacturing is organized into sets of operations and related activities called systems, which are regulated by 21 CFR 211 in the US and EudraLex Volume 4 in the EU. The overarching quality system consists of subsystems that include the facilities and equipment, laboratory, materials, production, and packaging and labeling systems. Proper control of all these systems helps ensure that the manufacturer will produce drugs that are safe and meet the intended efficacy and quality characteristics.
Good Pharmacovigilance Practice (GVP) Audits
In addition to medicinal products’ benefits, some may also have side effects that may be undesirable and/or unexpected. Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse events or any other medicine-related problem. GVPs are a set of measures drawn up to facilitate the performance of a pharmacovigilance system.
Learn more about GxP Compliance with these blog posts:
Internal vs Independent Compliance Audits
There are two main types of GxP Compliance Audits: internal audits and independent third-party audits. Let’s look at each one to help understand their purpose and the role they play in your compliance journey.
Internal Compliance Audits
Internal compliance audits are conducted by employees or internal audit teams within an organization. These audits are aimed at evaluating the organization's adherence to regulatory requirements, internal policies, and industry standards. Internal auditors typically have in-depth knowledge of the organization's operations, processes, and systems.
Here are some key features of internal compliance audits:
- Conducted by internal personnel: Internal auditors are employees of the organization and are familiar with its operations and procedures
- Focus on internal controls: Internal audits assess the effectiveness of internal controls, risk management systems, and compliance with internal policies and procedures
- Regular monitoring: Internal audits are often conducted periodically to monitor ongoing compliance and identify areas for improvement within the organization
- Advisory role: Internal auditors may provide recommendations for enhancing compliance, operational efficiency, and risk management based on their findings
- Limited independence: Internal auditors may face potential conflicts of interest or biases due to their direct association with the organization they audit.
Independent Compliance Audits
Independent compliance audits are conducted by external auditors who are not employed by the organization being audited. These auditors are typically third-party experts or consulting firms specializing in compliance audits for specific industries. The primary objective of independent audits is to provide an impartial and objective assessment of the organization's compliance status.
Here are the key features of independent compliance audits:
- Conducted by external experts: Independent auditors are external to the organization and bring specialized knowledge and experience in compliance audits
- Objective assessment: Independent audits focus on evaluating compliance with regulatory requirements, industry standards, and best practices without bias or conflicts of interest
- Compliance with regulatory standards: Independent auditors assess the organization's adherence to relevant regulatory guidelines and requirements set forth by regulatory authorities
- Unbiased reporting: Independent auditors provide unbiased reports, highlighting areas of non-compliance or deficiencies that require corrective actions
- Enhanced credibility: Independent audits enhance the credibility and reliability of compliance assessments since they are conducted by neutral parties with no vested interest in the organization's outcomes
The Role of Independent Auditors in Conducting Impartial Assessments of Compliance
Independent auditors play a crucial role in ensuring that compliance audits are conducted impartially and objectively. Their responsibilities include:
- Expertise and competence: Independent auditors possess specialized knowledge and expertise in regulatory requirements, industry standards, and audit methodologies, ensuring a comprehensive and thorough assessment.
- Impartiality and objectivity: Independent auditors maintain independence and objectivity throughout the audit process, free from conflicts of interest or bias that could compromise the integrity of the audit.
- Compliance assessment: Independent auditors evaluate the organization's compliance status based on regulatory requirements, industry best practices, and applicable standards, identifying areas of non-compliance or deficiencies.
- Reporting and recommendations: Independent auditors provide detailed reports outlining audit findings, non-compliance issues, observations, and recommendations for corrective actions. These reports are crucial for organizations to address deficiencies and improve compliance.
- Assurance and credibility: Independent auditors provide an added layer of assurance to stakeholders, regulatory bodies, and customers by conducting impartial assessments and validating the organization's compliance efforts.
By engaging independent auditors, organizations can benefit from unbiased assessments, gain insights into areas of improvement, and demonstrate their commitment to regulatory compliance and quality standards.
The Importance of Independent Audits
Independent audits shine fresh light on the questions, "Are we doing the right things to stay in compliance and are we following our own SOPs?" They help sponsors take a proactive approach to protecting their drug development program by discovering issues and fixing them before the health authority finds them. If the regulator has already found those issues, then a subsequent independent audit can help the sponsor stay on track toward compliance.
Audits are diagnostic. They point out strengths and flaws in both processes and results. Most audits add to the strengths and fix the flaws.
It is the objectivity of the audit that matters. That’s why it isn’t enough to conduct internal audits. Audit investigators who are associated with the development program may overlook or downplay the existence of significant issues because it is in their interest to do so.
Conclusion
Hopefully, that helps you understand a bit more about the significance of GxP Compliance Audits, the various audit types, and how they can be conducted, along with the importance of utilizing independent auditors.
Coming next week, we’ll dive deeper into the audit process, exploring roles and responsibilities, what to expect from regulatory agencies, and key findings that can arise, so that you can understand what it takes to run a successful audit program that meets your compliance standards.
If you have a few audits or need to set up an entire audit program, ProPharma is here to help. We've performed more than 1,000 GxP audits around the globe in the past two years. Contact us today to speak with one of our audit experts and tell us how we can help you meet your compliance goals.
